Search Engine

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.

During the early development of the web, there was a list of webservers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot from 1992 remains. 1 As more webservers went online the central list could not keep up. On the NCSA site new servers were announced under the title "What's New!"

The very first tool used for searching on the Internet was Archie. 3 The name stands for "archive" without the "v." It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, a computer science student at McGill University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP File Transfer Protocol sites, creating a searchable database of file names however, Archie did not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data was so limited it could be readily searched manually.

The rise of Gopher created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display was a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, "Veronica" and "Jughead" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.

In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed yet for the web, though numerous specialized catalogues were maintained by hand. Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that would periodically mirror these pages and rewrite them into a standard format which formed the basis for W3Catalog, the web's first primitive search engine, released on September 2, 1993.

In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called 'Wandex'. The purpose of the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did until late 1995. The web's second search engine Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot, but instead depended on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format.